I’ve got your back with my epic notes on PBQs for microbiology! 31 pages of pure, distilled knowledge, ready to boost your score like a rocket
PS: This book is dedicated to my sister 🙂
Woah there, JC wizards! ♀️🪄 Second presentation alert, and guess who’s got your back with the ultimate slide deck? So buckle up, download that bad boy, and prepare to slay your next JC presentation like the rockstar you are!
Hey there, orthodontic peeps! Ever wondered why those pesky white spots like to crash the party on your pearly whites after getting braces? We got curious too, so we donned our detective hats ️♀️ and followed a group of brave souls on their brace-tastic journeys for 6 and 12 months.
The Results: Buckle up, because things are about to get interesting! At 6 months, almost half the crew (38%) had at least one white spot, and by 12 months, it climbed to a cool 46%. But hey, the good news is, the control group who hadn’t even gotten their braces on yet were practically spotless (only 11% with spots!).
The Plot Twist: Turns out, these white spots seem to prefer hanging out with the dudes! 76% of spotted teeth belonged to our male friends, while only 24% were on the ladies’ side. Who knew braces were so gender-biased?
The Takeaway: So, what’s the lesson in this orthodontic detective story? The first 6 months are like white spot central, but things kinda chill out after that. But don’t let your guard down! Clinicians gotta keep a close eye on those pearly whites, especially at the beginning, and make sure everyone’s brushing and flossing like champions to keep those spots at bay. 🪥
SOURCE FOR VIVA QUESTIONS: https://www.slideshare.net/marwanmouakeh/white-spot-lesions
Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has gained attention in orthodontics for its potential to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement and space closure using functional mechanics. Studies have shown that LLLT has stimulatory effects that can accelerate bone regeneration, stimulate collagen synthesis, and induce remodeling processes in oral tissues (Limpanichkul et al., 2006; Isola et al., 2019). Additionally, LLLT has demonstrated faster healing, biostimulation, and anti-inflammatory effects, which can contribute to accelerated tooth movement (Kharat et al., 2023; Basso et al., 2017). Furthermore, the effectiveness of LLLT in accelerating orthodontic tooth movement has been supported by multiple clinical trials and meta-analyses, which reported faster space closure and reduced treatment times (Miles, 2017; Sawas et al., 2023; Kalia et al., 2023).
The biostimulatory effects of LLLT have been attributed to its ability to enhance tissue repair processes, reduce inflammatory processes, and promote cell and tissue biostimulation, ultimately contributing to accelerated wound healing (Santos et al., 2021; Santana et al., 2015). Moreover, LLLT has been associated with reduced pain and improved pain control, further enhancing its potential in orthodontic treatments (Bayani et al., 2016; Topolski et al., 2018). These findings are supported by a study that concluded that LLLT was more effective in pain control compared to other methods (Topolski et al., 2018).
Furthermore, the effects of LLLT on orthodontic tooth movement have been investigated at the cellular level, revealing its biostimulatory effects and potential to enhance bone remodeling processes (Dhiman, 2018). Additionally, a study reported that LLLT was able to reduce the area of fistulous tracts, decrease inflammatory processes, and improve local vascular congestion, further highlighting its therapeutic potential in tissue healing and repair (Santos et al., 2021).
Overall, the evidence suggests that LLLT holds promise in accelerating orthodontic tooth movement and space closure using functional mechanics. Its biostimulatory effects, ability to enhance tissue repair processes, and potential to reduce pain make it a valuable adjunct in orthodontic treatments.
REFRENCES
Basso, F., Pansani, T., Cardoso, L., Citta, M., Soares, D., Scheffel, D., … & Costa, C. (2017). Epithelial cell-enhanced metabolism by low-level laser therapy and epidermal growth factor. Lasers in Medical Science, 33(2), 445-449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-017-2176-z Bayani, S., Rostami, S., Ahrari, F., & Saeedi-Pouya, I. (2016). A randomized clinical trial comparing the efficacy of bite wafer and low level laser therapy in reducing pain following initial arch wire placement. Laser Therapy, 25(2), 121-129. https://doi.org/10.5978/islsm.16-or-10 Dhiman, S. (2018). Effect of low- level laser therapy (lllt) on orthodontic tooth movement – cellular level. Advances in Dentistry & Oral Health, 7(5). https://doi.org/10.19080/adoh.2018.07.555723 Isola, G., Matarese, M., Briguglio, F., Grassia, V., Picciolo, G., Fiorillo, L., … & Matarese, G. (2019). Effectiveness of low-level laser therapy during tooth movement: a randomized clinical trial. Materials, 12(13), 2187. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12132187 Kalia, A., Bobade, S., Nene, S., Mirdehghan, N., Patil, V., & Khan, A. (2023). Evaluation of effectiveness of low level laser therapy in accelerating orthodontic tooth movement-an in vivo study. Ip Indian Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Research, 9(1), 53-62. https://doi.org/10.18231/j.ijodr.2023.011 Kharat, D., Pulluri, S., Parmar, R., Choukhe, D., Shaikh, S., & Jakkan, M. (2023). Accelerated canine retraction by using mini implant with low-intensity laser therapy. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.33960 Limpanichkul, W., Godfrey, K., Srisuk, N., & Rattanayatikul, C. (2006). Effects of low‐level laser therapy on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement. Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research, 9(1), 38-43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-6343.2006.00338.x Miles, P. (2017). Accelerated orthodontic treatment ‐ what’s the evidence?. Australian Dental Journal, 62(S1), 63-70. https://doi.org/10.1111/adj.12477 Santana, C., Silva, D., Deana, A., Prates, R., Souza, A., Gomes, M., … & França, C. (2015). Tissue responses to postoperative laser therapy in diabetic rats submitted to excisional wounds. Plos One, 10(4), e0122042. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122042 Santos, C., Guimarães, F., Barros, F., Leme, G., Silva, L., & Santos, S. (2021). Efficacy of low-level laser therapy on fistula-in-ano treatment. Abcd Arquivos Brasileiros De Cirurgia Digestiva (São Paulo), 34(1). https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-672020210001e1572 Sawas, M., Alsaghir, Z., Aldosari, F., Hafiz, R., Alghamdi, M., Alshammari, N., … & Safhi, T. (2023). Methods and technology used to accelerate dental movements in orthodontic treatments. Journal of Healthcare Sciences, 03(01), 78-83. https://doi.org/10.52533/johs.2023.30113 Topolski, F., Moro, A., Correr, G., & Schimim, S. (2018). Optimal management of orthodontic pain. Journal of Pain Research, Volume 11, 589-598. https://doi.org/10.2147/jpr.s127945
Clinically: painful, diffuse, reddened swelling affecting the right side of the face, centred on the cheek, causing partial closure of the eye. This developed overnight. The previous 3 days there had been, according to the patient, ‘an abscess’ present on UR3. The patient feels unwell and there is lymphadenopathy present. UR3 is grossly carious. Radiologically: UR3 has a periapical rarefying osteitis.
Yo, peeps! So, check this out – there’s this crazy situation going on with someone’s face, right? Like, it’s all swollen, painful, and looking like a tomato, especially on the right side, focused on the cheek. And get this, it happened overnight! 😱
So, my friend here had this “abscess” thing going on with their tooth (UR3, to be specific) for the past three days. Fast forward to now, and it’s a whole mess – they’re feeling like garbage, there’s some swollen lymph node action, and the eye on the right is only doing half its job because of the swelling.
Oh, and if you peek inside their mouth, UR3 is a total disaster zone – super decayed. And to make things even more interesting, when you take a look at it on an X-ray, there’s this periapical rarefying osteitis party happening.
Now, why am I telling you all this drama? Well, here’s the kicker – that sudden face expansion? It’s not some random curse; it’s all thanks to a not-so-friendly cellulitis causing some serious swelling. And get this, the culprit? A seemingly innocent tooth problem. Who would’ve thought, right? Moral of the story: don’t underestimate the power of a tiny toothache, it can wreak havoc on your whole face. Mind blown! 💥
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the development of in-office bleaching gels containing co-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles have been widely studied and utilized in various applications due to their unique properties, such as high refractive index and photocatalytic activity (Kury et al., 2022). The incorporation of TiO2 nanoparticles into bleaching gels has been shown to enhance the effectiveness and safety of the bleaching process.
One study investigated the use of in-office bleaching gels containing high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (HP) and co-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles (Kury et al., 2022). The results showed that the incorporation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles into the bleaching gels improved their effectiveness in tooth bleaching. The photocatalytic activity of the nanoparticles enhanced the bleaching process by accelerating the chemical reaction of the hydrogen peroxide. This study highlights the potential of co-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles in improving the performance of in-office bleaching gels.
Another study evaluated the effect of light irradiation on the bleaching process using a low-concentration hydrogen peroxide solution containing titanium dioxide as a photocatalyst (Suemori et al., 2008). The results showed that light irradiation significantly enhanced the bleaching effect of the hydrogen peroxide solution. The photocatalytic activity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles under light irradiation played a crucial role in accelerating the bleaching process. This study further supports the use of titanium dioxide nanoparticles as a photocatalyst in in-office bleaching gels.
Furthermore, the safety of in-office bleaching gels containing titanium dioxide nanoparticles has been investigated. One study evaluated a low-concentration hydrogen peroxide experimental bleaching gel containing titanium dioxide and chitosan (Ozcetin & Surmelioglu, 2020). The results showed that the gel was safe and effective for tooth bleaching. The presence of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in the gel contributed to its safety and effectiveness. This study provides evidence for the safety of in-office bleaching gels containing titanium dioxide nanoparticles.
In addition to titanium dioxide, other dopants have been explored to enhance the properties of titanium dioxide nanoparticles. For example, iron-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles have been synthesized and studied for various applications (Abza et al., 2022). The doping of titanium dioxide with iron can modify its properties and enhance its photocatalytic activity. This suggests that co-doping titanium dioxide nanoparticles with other elements may further improve the performance of in-office bleaching gels.
Overall, the incorporation of co-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles into in-office bleaching gels shows promise in improving the effectiveness and safety of the bleaching process. The photocatalytic activity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles enhances the bleaching process by accelerating the chemical reaction of hydrogen peroxide. Furthermore, the safety of in-office bleaching gels containing titanium dioxide nanoparticles has been demonstrated. Further research on the co-doping of titanium dioxide nanoparticles with other elements may lead to even more effective bleaching gels.
Abza, T., Saka, A., Jule, L., Gudata, L., Nagaprasad, N., & Ramaswamy, K. (2022). Synthesis and characterization of iron doped titanium dioxide (fe: tio2) nanoprecipitate at different ph values for applications of self-cleaning materials. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2022, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2748908 Kury, M., Hiers, R., Zhao, Y., Picolo, M., Hsieh, J., Khajotia, S., … & Cavalli, V. (2022). Novel experimental in-office bleaching gels containing co-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Nanomaterials, 12(17), 2995. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12172995 Ozcetin, H. and Surmelioglu, D. (2020). three‐month evaluation of a low concentration (6% hydrogen peroxide) experimental bleaching gel containing tio 2 and chitosan: an in vitro study. Color Research & Application, 45(6), 1101-1108. https://doi.org/10.1002/col.22543 Suemori, T., Kato, J., Nakazawa, T., Akashi, G., Igarashi, A., Hirai, Y., … & Kurata, H. (2008). Effects of light irradiation on bleaching by a 3.5% hydrogen peroxide solution containing titanium dioxide. Laser Physics Letters, 5(5), 379-383. https://doi.org/10.1002/lapl.200710137
In the fascinating world of forensics, a young and promising researcher from Yenepoya Dental College in Mangalore, Sheikh Sadaf, is making waves with groundbreaking research. Her project delves into the realm of age estimation through dental analysis, using methods developed by Lamendin and Johanson.
1) Can you tell us a bit about yourself?
Hey there, I’m Sheikh Sadaf, and I hail from Yenepoya Dental College in Mangalore.
2) Could you give us a sneak peek of your research project?
My research dives into the intriguing world of forensics. I’m worked on correlating estimated age with chronological age using Lamendin and Johanson’s method of assessing dentin translucency.
3) What sparked your interest in this unique research topic?
Well, I’ve always been fascinated by forensics – the whole world of bite marks and fingerprints. Plus, I received some fantastic encouragement from one of our department lecturers.
4) How did you come across the ICMR STS program, and what was the application process like?
I got wind of the ICMR STS program through our Dean and some of my professors. They all encouraged us to give it a shot and dive into the research world. The application process was pretty straightforward – we submitted all our documents through their official website.
5) What was the central question or hypothesis you aimed to tackle in your project?
My main goal was to compare the estimated age, using Johanson and Lamendin’s methods, to see which one correlates better with the actual age. Also, I aimed to create a population-specific age estimation formula for Karnataka.
6) Could you walk us through the methods and techniques you used to gather and analyze your data?
We collected teeth with known chronological age and sex from the Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery. Then, we used vernier calipers to take precise measurements.
7) Did you collaborate with any mentors or fellow researchers during your project? How did they support you?
Yes, I had the privilege of working with Dr. Sudheendra Prabhu, my mentor from the Department of Forensic Dentistry. He was an incredible support and we made a great team.
8) Any golden advice for future STS applicants to up their chances of success?
To all the aspiring researchers out there, I’d suggest keeping an eye on the latest articles about prevalent diseases or groundbreaking inventions in fields like dentistry and medicine. It’s a great way to stay ahead.
9) Is there anyone special you’d like to give a shout-out to for their support during your research journey?
A big thank you goes to my mentor, my parents, and all the teaching and non-teaching staff who had my back. Not to forget my friends who were there for me every step of the way.
Sheikh Sadaf’s journey is a testament to the power of curiosity, dedication, and mentorship. Her research may well hold the key to advancing age estimation techniques, not only in Mangalore but throughout the region. As she continues to unravel the mysteries of forensics, we can only imagine the bright future that lies ahead for this young researcher.
Dynamic implant navigation is a technique that has been developed to improve the accuracy of dental implant placement. Several studies have investigated the influence of Kennedy class and the number of implants on the accuracy of dynamic implant navigation.
Block et al. (2017) conducted a study comparing the accuracy of implant placement using dynamic navigation to static guides and freehand placement. They found that dynamic navigation achieved similar accuracy to static guides and was an improvement over freehand placement. This suggests that the use of dynamic navigation can help improve the accuracy of implant placement regardless of the Kennedy class or the number of implants.
Wu et al. (2020) also investigated the accuracy of dynamic navigation compared to static surgical guides for dental implant placement. They found that the implant site had no significant influence on the accuracy of dynamic navigation. This indicates that the Kennedy class, which determines the complexity of the case, may not have a significant impact on the accuracy of dynamic navigation.
In a randomized controlled clinical trial, Aydemir & Arısan (2019) compared the accuracy of dental implant placement using dynamic navigation to the freehand method. They found that the accuracy between the planned and placed implants inserted by the static surgical stents was extensively studied, but such studies are limited for the dynamic navigation system. This suggests that more research is needed to determine the influence of Kennedy class and the number of implants on the accuracy of dynamic navigation.
Chen et al. (2023) conducted an in vitro pilot study comparing the accuracy of a novel implant robot surgery and dynamic navigation system in dental implant surgery. They found that the dynamic navigation system improved the accuracy of the implant position, depth, and angle. This indicates that dynamic navigation can help achieve accurate implant placement regardless of the Kennedy class or the number of implants.
Overall, the available literature suggests that dynamic implant navigation can achieve accurate implant placement regardless of the Kennedy class or the number of implants. However, more research is needed to further investigate the influence of these factors on the accuracy of dynamic navigation.
Aydemir, C. and Arısan, V. (2019). Accuracy of dental implant placement via dynamic navigation or the freehand method: a split‐mouth randomized controlled clinical trial. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 31(3), 255-263. https://doi.org/10.1111/clr.13563 Block, M., Emery, R., Lank, K., & Ryan, J. (2017). Implant placement accuracy using dynamic navigation. The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants, 32(1), 92-99. https://doi.org/10.11607/jomi.5004 Chen, J., Bai, X., Ding, Y., Shen, L., Sun, X., Cao, R., … & Wang, L. (2023). Comparison the accuracy of a novel implant robot surgery and dynamic navigation system in dental implant surgery: an in vitro pilot study. BMC Oral Health, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-023-02873-8 Wu, D., Zhou, L., Yang, J., Bao, Z., Lin, Y., Chen, J., … & Chen, Y. (2020). Accuracy of dynamic navigation compared to static surgical guide for dental implant placement. International Journal of Implant Dentistry, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40729-020-00272-0
PART 1
Silane coupling treatment is a surface treatment technique used in dental restorations to improve the bond strength between resin-based composite (RBC) restorations and the repaired surface. Silane coupling agents are organic silanes that form covalent bonds with both the ceramic and the resin cement, enhancing the wettability and adhesion (Fabianelli et al., 2010). The application of silane coupling treatment, either with or without prior surface sandblasting, has been shown to improve the bond strength of repaired indirect resin composites to a conventional direct resin composite (Visuttiwattanakorn et al., 2017). Additionally, silane coupling treatment has been found to increase the bond strength between photo-cured bulk-fill flowable composite resin and silver-palladium-copper-gold alloy using self-adhesive resin cement (Kawashima et al., 2019).
Surface roughness of resin composites is an important parameter for clinical performance, affecting wear resistance, plaque accumulation, gingival inflammation, material discoloration, and surface gloss (Senawongse & Pongprueksa, 2007). Therefore, it is crucial to consider the effects of surface treatments, such as silane coupling, on the surface roughness of RBC restorations.
In terms of clinical significance, the repair of fractured polymer-infiltrated ceramic-network (PICN) restorations with composite resin has been successful when the surface is treated with hydrofluoric acid or sandblasting followed by the individual use of silane (Bello et al., 2018). This suggests that silane coupling treatment plays a crucial role in the successful repair of PICN restorations.
Furthermore, the use of silane coupling agents has been shown to increase the bond strength of aged composite restorations treated with air abrasion, which is important for the efficient repair of composite restorations (Mishra et al., 2023). Computational analysis has also indicated the potential benefits of silane coupling treatments on the adhesion of CAD/CAM composite resin in the presence or absence of acid (Tsukagoshi et al., 2020).
It is worth noting that there are alternative approaches to repairing resin composite restorations without silane coupling pretreatment, although the use of silane coupling treatments has been shown to increase bond strength in various scenarios (Uno et al., 2022). Silane coupling treatments have also been effective in increasing bond strength when repairing resin composite chip fractures or ceramic restorations with resin composite (Akimoto et al., 2011).
In conclusion, silane coupling treatment has been shown to improve the clinical performance of direct repaired RBC restorations by enhancing bond strength and adhesion. It is an effective surface treatment technique that can be used in conjunction with other methods, such as sandblasting or acid etching, to optimize the repair process. The use of silane coupling agents should be considered in dental restorations to ensure long-lasting and durable outcomes.
REFERENCES
Akimoto, N., Sakamoto, T., Kubota, Y., Kondo, Y., & Momoi, Y. (2011). A novel composite-to-composite adhesive bond mechanism. Dental Materials Journal, 30(4), 523-527. https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2011-011 Bello, Y., Domênico, M., Magro, L., Lise, M., & Corazza, P. (2018). Bond strength between composite repair and polymer‐infiltrated ceramic‐network material: effect of different surface treatments. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry, 31(3), 275-279. https://doi.org/10.1111/jerd.12445 Fabianelli, A., Pollington, S., Papacchini, F., Goracci, C., Cantoro, A., Ferrari, M., … & Noort, R. (2010). The effect of different surface treatments on bond strength between leucite reinforced feldspathic ceramic and composite resin. Journal of Dentistry, 38(1), 39-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2009.08.010 Kawashima, S., Nagai, Y., & Shinkai, K. (2019). Effect of silane coupling treatment and airborne-particle abrasion on shear bond strength between photo-cured bulk-fill flowable composite resin and silverpalladium-copper-gold alloy using self-adhesive resin cement. Dental Materials Journal, 38(3), 418-423. https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2018-121 Mishra, P., Singh, S., Sharma, A., Jain, S., & Kishnani, S. (2023). Comparative evaluation of effect of different surface pretreatments on bond strengths of thermocycled composite and amalgam rerestored with composite resin: an in vitro study. International Journal of Prosthodontics and Restorative Dentistry, 12(3), 125-132. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10019-1380 Senawongse, P. and Pongprueksa, P. (2007). Surface roughness of nanofill and nanohybrid resin composites after polishing and brushing. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry, 19(5), 265-273. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1708-8240.2007.00116.x Tsukagoshi, K., Hirota, M., Nomoto, R., & Hayakawa, T. (2020). Bond strength and computational analysis for silane coupling treatments on the adhesion of resin block for cad/cam crowns. Dental Materials Journal, 39(5), 844-854. https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2019-139 Uno, M., Kusakabe, S., Ishigami, H., & Doi, Y. (2022). Effect of surface treatment on bond strength between zirconia and composite resin core material. Asian Pacific Journal of Dentistry, 22(1), 5-11. https://doi.org/10.47416/apjod.22-0288 Visuttiwattanakorn, P., Suputtamongkol, K., Angkoonsit, D., Kaewthong, S., & Charoonanan, P. (2017). Microtensile bond strength of repaired indirect resin composite. The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics, 9(1), 38. https://doi.org/10.4047/jap.2017.9.1.38
Dentowesome 