Jurisprudence :-

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It is application of legal status and regulations that pertain to State Dental Practice Act

Dentist must adhere to federal, State, Civil laws in all relations with public

As an agent of dentist, assistant should be aware of different forms of jurisprudence and role of assistance play in each case

It is divided into two parts 1. Civil law 2. Criminal law

  1. Civil law :- If a civil charge is brought against a dentist, he or she become defendant.
  2. Criminal law :- If criminal charges may be filed against dentist for malious injury, income tax evasion, narcotics misuse or any other criminal reason.

Reference :-

Writing :- notes made from mastering bds and Soben Peter books

Ethics :-

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It is defined as part of psychology that deals with moral conduct and judgement.

Principles of ethics :-

A) To do no harm :-  Principle is attributed to Hippocrates and is considered to be foundation of social morality

B) To do good :- It should be role of dentist and dental hygienist to benefit patients as well as not to inflict harm

C) Respect for person :- It consists of 2 fundamental ethical considerations i.e 1. Autonomy consent 2. Informed consent

  1. Autonomy consent :- It is principle that dictate that health care professionals respect patients right to make decisions concerning treatment plan
  2. Informed consent :- It is a legal as well as ethical concept and is a component of patients right to autonomy

D) Justice :- It demands each person be treated equally

E) Trustfulness :- Patient doctor relationship is on trust

F) Confidentially :- Patients have right to expect that all their care will be treated confidentially

Reference :-

Writing :- Notes made from mastering bds and Soben Peter books

Psychology :-

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It is science dealing with human nature and behaviour.

It also includes understanding of pattern of mental process, characteristics of an individual.

(Sigmund Freud 1905)

Theory is modified by instinctive need and sexual factors

1) Oral stage :- (0-1 years)

Primary zone of pleasure is oral region and infants obtain gratification by stimulation of oral areas.

2) Anal stage :- (1-3 years)

Gratification is obtained by control of anal musculature for elimination and retension, provides him with sense of independence and autonomy.

3) Phallic stage :- (3-6 years)

Understands difference between sexes. Oedipus and electra complex develops.

4) Latency stage :- (7-12 years)

Libido submerges and child becomes unisexual. Personal identification begins and tries to socialize.

Reference :-

Writing :- notes made from mastering bds and Soben Peter books

Dental payments :-

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It is defined as an arrangement under which a carrier and beneficiary are liable for a share of cost of dental service provided.

Mode of payments :-

A) Private fee for service :-  It is two party arrangement. In this patient takes appointment and dentist suggest appropriate treatment and inform patient about fee.

B) Post payment plans   :-  1st step to offer service through organized dental society plan. Under this patient borrows money from bank or finance company to pay to dentist fee.

C) Prepayment plans :-  It is 3rd party plan.  1) Insuarance companies.  2) Non profitable health service corporates e.g delta dental plans, blue sheild or blue cross.  3). Prepaid group practice.  4).  Capitation plans

D) Salary

E) Public programs

Reference :-

Writing :- notes made from mastering bds and Soben Peter books

Risk factor of dental Caries :-

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Dental caries :- It is multifactorial microbial infectious disease characterized by demineralization of the inorganic destruction of the organic substance of the tooth.

Risk factor of dental caries are as follows :-

  1. Deep pits and fissures
  2. Lower socioeconomic status
  3. Recreational drug use
  4. Inadequate saliva flow
  5. Frequent snaking between meals
  6. Exposed roots
  7. Orthodontic appliances
  8. Any physical or mental illness or any oral application or restoration
  9. Inadequate exposure to flouride
  10. Visible heavy plaque on teeth
  11. Medium or high S. mutans and lactobacillus counts

Reference :-

Writing :- notes made from mastering bds and Soben Peter books

Pit and fissure sealants :-

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They are defined as cements or a resin which is introduced into unprepared occlusal pit and fissures of caries susceptible teeth forming a mechanical and physical protective layer against action of acid producing bacteria and substrates

Types:-

  • 1 st generation sealants were achieved with an ultraviolet source
  • 2nd generation sealants are auto polymerizing
  • 3rd generation sealants are photoinitiated with visible light
  • Another recent innovation is flouride containing sealants

Indications :-

  • For deep occlusal fissure
  • Lingual pit
  • Occlusal fossa

Contraindications :-

  • Open occlusal caries lesions
  • Caries exist on other surfaces of same tooth
  • A large occlusal restoration is already present

Procedure :-

  1. Polish tooth surface
  2. Isolate and dry tooth surface
  3. Etch tooth surface
  4. Rinse tooth
  5. Isolate and dry tooth
  6. Apply bonding agent and cure it
  7. Material application- sealant material is applied to the tooth
  8. Evaluate the tooth
  9. Check oçcusal

Reference :-

Writing :- Notes made from mastering bds and Soben Peter books

Purpura :-

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It is purpulish discoloration of skin and mucous membrane due to sub-cutaneous and sub-mucous extravasation of blood.

Clinical features :-

  • Occurs among adults below 40 years
  • Females are more affected
  • Bleeding spots on skin or mucosal surface
  • Women may have menses or bleeding between periods
  • Bleeding into TMJ results in pain and trismus
  • Gingival bleeding

Treatment :-

  • Steroid therapy
  • Repeated blood transfusion
  • Splenectomy
  • Immunosuppresive drug therapy

Reference :-

Image :- Google
Writing :- notes made from mastering bds and Sanjay Kumar Purkait books

Dysplasia :-

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It is histological cannotation to premalignance marked by abbarent and uncoordinated cellular proliferation depicted at cellular level as atypia which is reflected as dysplasia.

An oral precancerous lesion, also called dysplasia, is a growth that contains abnormal cells confined to the lining of the oral cavity, or mouth. This lining is called the mucosa. It covers the inside of the cheeks, the inside of the lips, the gums, the tongue, and the roof and floor of the mouth.

Dysplasia can be mild moderate and severe.

Clinical features :-

  1. Increased mitosis
  2. Loss of basal polarity
  3. Hyperchromatism of cell
  4. Increased nuclear cytoplasmic ratio
  5. Nuclear atypia
  6. Large prominent nucei
  7. Epithelial pearl
  8. Individual cell keratinisation

Treatment :-

  • NSAIDs for pain and inflammation medical treatment.
  • Excision of the part which is affected along with some part of healthy tissue. This is done under anesthesia.

Reference :-

Image :- Google
Writing :- notes made from mastering bds and Sanjay Kumar Purkait books

Luxation of TMJ :-

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TMJ has hinge like junction.

Luxation occurs when :-

  1. Overextension of TMJ
  2. Isolated injury or associated with maxillofacial injuries

Luxation is unilateral but bilateral Luxation also occurs.

Clinical features :-

  • Inability to close mouth
  • Head trauma
  • No deviation of mandible
  • Lower jaw deviated away from luxated side
  • Pain may occur in some cases
  • Inflammation may be seen

Treatment :-

  • NSAIDS should be the medical treatment
  • Closed reduction
  • Fulcrum should be placed
  • Open reduction or mandibular condylectomy are indicated

Reference :-

Image :- Google
Writing :- notes made from mastering bds and Sanjay Kumar Purkait books

Ankylosis of TMJ :-

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It is one of most incapacitating of all diseases involving this structure.

Types :-

  • In Complete Ankylosis i.e there is limitation of motion.
  • In Unilateral Ankylosis i.e chin is displaced.
  • In Intra-articular Ankylosis, joint undergoes progressive destruction.
  • In Extra-articular Ankylosis, splitting of TMJ.

Clinical features :-

  • Occurs before 10 years of age
  • Equal sex distribution
  • Restriction in opening of mouth
  • Injury at infancy or childhood, there is associated facial deformity.
  • Pain may occur in some cases
  • Inflammation may be seen

Treatment :-

  • NSAIDS can be use as medical treatment.
  • Surgical methods like condylectomy intraoral coronoidectomy, ramus osteotomy, high condylectomy, forceful opening of the jaw under general anesthesia, lysis of adhesions of the pterygoid space.

Reference :-

Image :- Google
Writing :- notes made from mastering bds and Sanjay Kumar Purkait books