Hyperthyroidism

Gerlyn BraganzaLeave a comment

Also called thyrotoxicosis .

Hyperthyroidism is caused due to to hyposecretion of thyroid hormones like thyroxin, triiodothyronin and calcitonin .

Systemic changes seen-

1. In the metabolism: increase metabolic rate (BMR)

•lipid – decrease in cholesterol and triglycerides.

•carbohydrate – increase glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis ( hyperglycemia)

•protein – wasting of muscle and negative nitrogen balance

2. CVS- increase in heart rate , stroke volume , cardiac output

decrease in the peripheral vascular resistance

Angina , arrhythmias and cardiac failure

3. CNS – Nervousness and anxiety

4. Musculoskeletal system – weakness, muscle fatigue , increased in deep tendon reflexes , osteoporosis and hypercalcaemia

5. GIT- increase in appetite and diarrhoea

6 . Reproductive system- menstrual irregularities and decrease in fertility

7. Eyes and face – lid retraction, periorbital edema and exophthalmos

8 . Skin and appendages – warm moist skin , heat intolerance and thin hair

  • A image to summarise it .
Source – pinterest

What is thyrotoxic storm ?

Also called as thyroid storm.

Occurs due to very high levels of circulating thyroid hormones. Besides the usual features there is-

1.Hyperpyrexia

2. Nausea

3. Vomiting

4. Diarrhoea

5. Mental confusion

It’s precipitated by infection, trauma and surgery .

–

Treatment-

Propylthiouracil, iodides , propranolol, hydrocortisone

Note :

• local anaesthetic with adrenaline is avoided in hyperparathyroidism

SOURCE – Tara V Shanbhag |Smita Shenoy|Veena Nayak – pharmacology for dentistry

How to do research in other institutions? List of websites and stepwise guide

Anisha ValliLeave a comment

Hello Friends, many people message how they can do research as intern in other institutions. So, I have made a list of websites I’m aware of, I will update in future if I come to know more 🙂

Steps to follow:
1) Open the link I have sent you. lol

2) Click on faculty in people (different for every website, better view this on desktop to figure out), you’ll see faculty tab consisting of name, mail ids, areas of research etc

3) Send them Email with CV: Note down the mail id of professors you would want to work with, prepare a mail with your CV attached and a short description of why you want to do research with him.

Some people do reply and some do not but don’t get demotivated and start finding another. Sometimes sending the email second time also works.

PRINCIPLES OF ENDODONTIC TREATMENT

ashtinder0224Leave a comment

ASEPSIS : By rubber dam placement or isolation or by sterilization of instruments.

  1. APPLICATION OF RUBBER DAM :
  • To maintain a safe and aseptic operating field .
  • Only safeguard against the bacterial contamination from saliva and swallowing of root canal instruments.

2. STERILIZATION :

  • Cold sterilization
  • Hot salt sterilization
  • Glass bead sterilization
  • Direct flaming
  • Autoclaving
  • Dry heat oven

a) DEBRIDEMENT OF ROOT CANAL :

  • Infected root canal must be cleaned of debris .
  • All the necrotic tissue should be removed from the root canal as it encourages bacterial growth.
  • Instrumentation and irrigation is required for complete debridement .
  • Sodium hypochlorite or any other irrigant should be used for irrigation.

b)DRAINAGE :

  • Drainage should be done when gross infection or swelling is present.
  • In case of acute alveolar abscess drainage should be done either through root canal or by incision or both .
  • Drainage is established by preparing a cavity lingually on anterior teeth and occlusally on posterior teeth.

c) IMMOBILIZATION :

  • Done to allay pain and promote healing .
  • It reduces the potential for spreading of microorganisms.
  • Also reduces trauma to PDL.

d)ATRAUMATIC PROCEDURES :

  • All traumas should be avoided.
  • Soft tissues should be handled carefully and gently.
  • Instrument should not be passed beyond apical foramen.
  • Radiograph should be carefully studied.

e)TERPHINATION:

  • Means relieving pain.
  • Biterphination means creating of a surgical passage in the region of the root apex for escape of pus or blood to relieve the pressure of accumulated pus or gas in jaw bone.
  • Done in case of acute alveolar abscess .

f)CHEMO PROPHYLAXIS:

  • If the patient has history of rheumatic fever or valvular heart disease , an antibiotic such as phenoxy -methyl penicillin 2 g 1 hour before and 1 g 6 hour after the operation should be given.

References: GROSSMANS TEXBOOK

BACTERIAL GROWTH CURVE

Gerlyn BraganzaLeave a comment

When a bacterium is inoculated into a suitable culture medium and is incubated, growth takes place and follows a definite course.

The bacterial growth count is plotted in relation to time , hence growth curve is obtained.

It has 4 phases .

  1. Lag phase
  2. Log phase / exponential phase
  3. Stationary phase
  4. Phase of decline

So let’s know what are these phases

1. Lag phase –

•after inoculation of culture medium multiplication does not begin immediately.

•the phase between inoculation and beginning of multiplication is called as lag phase

•in this phase organisms adapt to the new environment, in which necessary enzymes and intermediate metabolites are built up .

2. Log phase (exponential phase )

•in this phase cell division starts and the number increases exponentially or by geometric progression.

3. Stationary phase

•bacterial growth ceases almost completely.

•almost complete exhaustion of nutrients and accumulation of toxic products takes place.

•the number of viable cells here remain stationary.

Also there is almost a balance between dying cells and the new formed cells.

4. Phase of decline

• the bacterial population decreases due to death of cells.

•the decline phase starts due to exhaustion of nutrients and accumulation of toxic products and autolytic enzymes.

Decline takes place in the viable count and not the total count.

THE BACTERIAL GROWTH CURVE

bacterial count-

It’s of two types

1. Total count- indicates total number of bacteria present in the specimen, irrespective of living or dead.

2. Viable count- number of living cells.

To summarise it

Source – C P Baveja ( textbook of microbiology for dental students)