Source Gurkeeraat Singh textbook
ADAM CLASP II
ADAM CLASP I
Source Gurkeeraat Singh textbook
FULL CLASP
Source Gurkeeraat Singh textbook
INTERNAL RESORPTION
Written by : Dr. Urusa I Inamdar
Definition
Condition associated with either a physiologic or a pathologic process resulting in loss of dentin , cementum or bone .
An idiopathic , slow or fast progressive resorptive process occurring in the dentin of the pulp chamber or in the root canals of the teeth .
Cause
Cause is not known , but such patients have a history of trauma .
Symptoms
In root : it is asymptomatic
In crown : manifested as a reddish area called pink spot . This reddish area represents the granulation tissue showing through the resorbed area of the crown .
Diagnosis
Diagnosed during routine radiographic examination . The appearance of the pink spot occurs late in the resorptive process . The radiograph usually shows a change in the appearance of the wall in the root canal or pulp chamber , with a round or ovoid radiolucent area .
Treatment
Extirpation of the pulp .
Routine endodontic treatment is indicated , but obturation of the defect requires a special effort , preferably with a plasticized gutta – percha method . In many patients , the condition is unobserved as it is painless , until the root is perforated . In such cases , mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is recommended to repair the defect . When repair has been completed , the canal with its defect is obturated with plasticized gutta – percha .
Prognosis
The prognosis is best before perforation of the root or crown occurs .
Reference
- Grossman’s Endodontic Practice (13th edition)
- Dental notes
- Google.com
Pathogenesis of Staph. aureus
What is Staphylococcous ?
A gram positive cocci and that is arranged in grape like clusters. They mainly cause suppuration
The important species of Staphylococcus are –
- Staph.aureus
- Staph.epidermidis
- Staph.saprophyticus
Staphylococcus aureus
- They are gram positive cocci
- Arranged in grape like clusters
- They are non motile,non sporing
- Diameter – 1 micrometer approx.
- Grow in culture medium between 10-42 degree celcius but approximately at 37 degrees celcius
- Grow at a pH of 7.4-7.6
- They are aerobes and facultative anaerobes (which can also grow without oxygen)
Pathogenesis
- It is a very important pyogenic organism and lesions are localized in nature.
- They produce thick cream colored colonies
They are classified as –
- cutaneous and deep infections
- nosocomial infections
- food poisoning
- skin exfoliative diseases
- toxic shock syndrome
1.Cutaneous infecctions – superficial infecctions
- pustules
- boils
- carbuncles
- impetigo
- pemphigus neonatrum
- styes
- abscesses
- wound and burn infections
2. Deep infections
- osteomyelitis
- tonsillitis
- pharyngitis
- pneumonitis
- endocarditis
- empyema
- bacteremia
- septicemia
- meningitis
- sinusitis
3. Food poisoning –
Staphylococcal food poisoning may follow 2-6 hrs after injestion of contaminated food that has preformed entertoxin.
4.Nosocomial infections –
They are important cause of hospital acquired infections
5.Skin exfoliative Diseases
- These are produced by strains of Staph.aureus .
- There is stripping of the superficial layers of skin from the underlying tissue .
- They are Ritters disease ,pemphigous neonatrum,bullous impetigo.
- Staphylococcocal scaled skin syndrome (SSSS) is the example. In this the toxin is spread systemically.
6. Toxic shock syndrome –
- It is caused by TSST-1 ( toxic shock syndrome toxin ). This is characterised by high fever,hypotension, diarrhoea, scarletiniform rash,vomiting.
- It is also associated with use of tampons by mentruating women which is rare.
source – C P Baveja textbook of microbiology for dental students and google images
Tooth Attrition
Defined as physiological wearing away of tooth structure.
This phenomenon is more physiological than pathological
🛑SITES OF OCCURRENCE-
- occlusal surface
- incisal surface
- proximal surface
It is also associated with the aging process. More the older the person gets more it regresses
🛑MAIN CAUSE- Tooth to Tooth contact during Mastication
- It is seen in deciduous as well as in permanent dentition.
🛑Types of attrition
🔸Physiological attrition: Attrition which occurs progressively during normal aging process as a result of masticatory occlusion. Usually a slow process through out life .
🔸Pathological attrition: This is a severe form of attrition that occurs as a result of abnormalities in occlusion ,chewing pattern and structural defects in teeth .
Examples are bruxism or clenching
🛑AETIOLOGY
- Abnormal chewing habits: Parafunctional chewing habits like Bruxism and chronic persistent chewing of coarse foods or other substances like tobacco.
- In other occupations workers are exposed to an atmosphere of abrasive dusts e.g. silica
- Amelogenesis imperfecta and dentinogenesis imperfecta in which the hardness of enamel and dentine is reduced and such teeth become more prone to attrition and is seen in children
🛑Clinical presentation –
- Appearance of small polished facet on the cusp tip /ridge or slight flattening of the incisal edge
- Sensitivity and pain : attrition may be entirely asymptomatic or there may be dentine hypersensitivity.
- Tooth discoloration : attrition and erosion of the enamel exposes inner and darker dentine giving a yellower appearance
- Compromised periodontal support leading to drifting of teeth
- Altered occlusion due to decreasing occlusal vertical dimension
Men usually have more attrition than women as a result of greater masticatory force .
Also variations are seen with the coarseness in diet and chewing tobacoo
Sources -textbook of oral pathology – shafers, slide share , pictures – google photos.
SYNDROMES🤯-Made easy(Part-1)
Syndromes are defined as combination of medical signs & symptoms that together represent a disease process .
As mentioned above, being a set of features ,most of us might have a tough time trying to mug up all of the characteristics pertaining to a syndrome which are often confusing too.
So here’s a humble attempt to make it easy .How??…..Short forms/mnemonics ofcourse!
Some of these are already familiar to you & for the rest -the author of this post holds patent 🙂 .Only some of the important syndromes pertaining to dentistry have been discussed here.Hope you would find it helpful.
Sources :Shafers textbook of oral pathology,Instagram -_dentistars_,dental_exams,www.cartoonstock.com
KHOURY TECHNIQUE
Written by : Dr. Urusa I Inamdar
It is also called as split bone block technique / shell technique.
- Mandibular bone blocks ( external oblique ridge ), which consists primarily of cortical bone and a low percentage of cancellous bone , are more resistant to revascularization and consequently may have poor regeneration potential . For this reason , the harvested thick bone blocks with the diamond disk according to the split bone block technique of the biologic concept of grafting procedures.
- Splitting the thick blocks into two thin blocks not only increases the number of bone blocks , offering the possibility to graft more surfaces in different forms , but also improves revascularization and regeneration.
- The thin blocks were stabilized at the recipient site with microscrews , and any gaps were filled with autogenous bone chips harvested from the donor site with a bone scraper .
- No biomaterials or membranes are used .
- This technique with pure autogenous bone , which has been used for 20 yrs , has shown a high success rate .
Reference:
- International institute of dental research
- Dental notes
- Google.com
Sandwich Technique
So what is this sandwich technique? Is it associated with the edible sandwiches ?
No!
In fact it is associated with a technique in dentistry. So it looks something like this . Lets see what,why, and how is it used !
- Composite doesn’t bind to the dentin in an adequate manner
- So during polymerization there maybe a gap created
- This gap is created if the margin is near the dentin
How can the bonding be improved ?
- By placing a layer of Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC) between the composite restoration and the dentin.
- The GIC bonds to dentin by chemical adhesion
- And resin bonds mechanically to porosities
- Crazing is seen on the surface of GIC
GIC can be etched with phosphoric acid which helps in retention.
Indications –
- In class 2 composite restoration
- Lesions where one or more margins are in dentin (cervical lesions)
Procedure
source – textbook of dental materials (manapallil), philips, slide share and google images
PARACETAMOL
Written by : Dr. Urusa I Inamdar
Introduction:
Paracetamol and acetaminophen are two official names of the same chemical compound derived from its chemical name : N-acetyl-para-aminophenol . It is an aniline derivative and the most extensively used over-the-counter and prescription analgesic worldwide . It has analgesic and anti-pyretic properties similar to non – steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) but contrary to them , it does not possess any antiinflammatory properties .
Pharmacodynamics:
It acts mainly in the CNS by inhibiting cyclo oxygenase ( COX-2 ) . It acts by preventing the oxidation of inactive COX to active COX and thereby preventing prostaglandins synthesis through an active metabolite influencing cannabinoid receptors .
Pharmacokinetics:
It is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract . The peak plasma concentrations are reached in about 2-3 hrs after rectal administration and reaches total serum concentrations of 5-20 micro g/ml . It is primarily metabolized in the liver by conjugation to gluconide and sulfate .
Indications:
- Analgesic
- Antipyretic
Contraindications:
- Alcoholism
- Hepatic disease
- Viral hepatitis
- Hypertension
Drug interactions:
Paracetamol interacts with enzyme inducing substances , such as isoniazid , carbamazepine , phenytoin or barbiturates , as well as chronic alcohol excess which increases N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine production and the risk of toxicity .
Adverse reactions:
- Allegic dermatitis
- Thrombocytopenia
- Agranulocytosis
- Hepatic necrosis
Dosage and administration:
As directed by the physician
Presentation:
Each suppository contains Paracetamol 125 mg
Reference:
- CIMS – prescribers handbook
- Kulkarni R et al. Indian J Pharmacol 2007
- Cullen S et al Arch Dis Child
- Roberts E et al. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016
