Aplastic anemia

Charu LataLeave a comment
Fanconi’s anemia
  • A. Normal bone marrow B. Aplastic bone marrow
Bone marrow changes
Thrombocytopenia in aplastic anemia
Oral manifestations
Diagnosis and treatment

Sources : Shafer’s textbook of oral pathology , slideshare.com

Image sources : Slideshare and Google images

HYPERTROPHY

Gerlyn Braganza1 Comment

Increase in the size of the organ or tissue due to increase in the size of the cells

WHAT CAUSES HYPERTROPHY?

Due to increase in the functional demand/workload

1.PHYSIOLOGICAL

  • Hypertrophy of skeletal muscles- Ex- bulging muscles of athletes
  • Hypertrophy of the smooth muscles- Ex- growth of the the uterus during pregnancy from estrogenic stimulation
Source – Google

PATHOLOGICAL

  • Hypertrophy of cardiac muscle – left ventricular hypertrophy or damaged valves ( aortic stenosis, mitral incompetence)
  • Hypertrophy of smooth muscle– hypertrophy of the urinary bladder in response to urethral obstruction ( prostrate hyperplasia) and hyperplasia of the stomach due to pyloric stenosis .
Source – pathology preparatory manual for dental students – Ramdas Nayak
Source – Google

Mechanism of hypertrophy –

It occurs due to synthesis of the cellular proteins .

Mechanism involved in the hypertrophy of cardiac muscle-

Physiological hypertrophy– Due to increase in the workload causes mechanical stretch of the myocardium.

Pathological hypertrophy– due to to growth factors and hypertrophy agonists-

1. Growth factors – TGF – beta, insulin growth factor ( IGF -1) , Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)

2. Hypertrophy agonists- alpha-adrenergic agonists , endothelin-I , angiotensin -II , Nitric oxide (NO) and bradykinin

Source – Harshmohan ( textbook of pathology) and Ramdas Nayak