Category: Microbiology

BACTERIAL CELL WALL

Poojitha SurgiLeave a comment

The cell wall is a tough and rigid structure surrounding the bacterium like a shell. It weighs about 20-25% of the dry weight of the cell.

FUNCTIONS:

1.Shape

2. Protection against osmotic damage

3.Rigidity

4.Cell division

5.Possesses target site for antibiotics, lysozymes and bacteriophages. Carries bacterial antigens that are important in virulence and immunity.

The rigid part of the cell wall is a peptidoglycan which is a mucopeptide (murein) composed of N-acetyl muramic acid and N-acetyl glucosamine molecules alternating in chains, cross-linked by peptide sub-units.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GRAM POSITIVE AND GRAM NEGATIVE CELL WALL

CHARACTERGRAM POSITIVEGRAM NEGATIVE
Thickness20-80nm10nm
Periplasmic spaceAbsentPresent
Lipids and GlycoproteinsFew(0.3%)Many(58%)
Teichoic acidPresentAbsent
Peptidoglycan<15%10-20%
Gram’s reactionVioletPink
Outer membraneAbsentPresent
LipopolysaccharidesAbsentPresent

DEMONSTRATION OF CELL WALL

1.Plasmolysis

2,Microdissection

3.Differential staining

4.Reaction with specific antibody

5.Electron microscopy

BACTERIA WITH DEFECTIVE CELL WALL

  1. MYCOBACTERIA: Naturally occurring bacteria without cell walls. They don’t require hypertonic environment for maintenance and are stable in culture medium.
  2. L-FORMS: Kleineberger-Nobel, while studying Streptobacillus moniliformis in the Lister Institute, London, observed abnormal forms of bacteria and named them L-forms after Lister Institute. L-forms developed either spontaneously or in the presence of penicillin or other agents that interfere with synthesis of cell wall.
  3. PROTOPLASTS: Derived from gram positive bacteria. Produced artificially lysozyme in a hypertonic medium.
  4. SPHEROPLASTS: Derived from gram negative bacteria. Produced in the presence of penicillin. They differ from protoplast in that some cell wall material is retained.

PLEOMORPHISM AND INVOLUTION FORMS

Certain species of bacteria exhibit great variation in shape and size of individual cells are called pleomorphic bacteria.

Some bacteria show swollen and aberrant forms in ageing laboratory cultures and are known as involution forms.

Defective cell wall synthesis is responsible for development of these two forms 🙂

SOURCE: MICROBIOLOGY – C.P BAVEJA

Fasciola hepatica

SahithiLeave a comment

Reference : Paniker’s textbook of microbiology

Rhinosporidiosis

Gerlyn BraganzaLeave a comment

(i) Rhinosporidiosis is a chronic granulomatous disease characterised by formation of friable polyps, usually confined to the nose, mouth or eye.

Nasal polyp

(i) Causative agent is Rhinosporidium seeberi.

Rhinosporidium seeberi

(iii) More than 80% cases are reported in India and Sri Lanka.

(iv) The mode of infection is not known but most infections occur in males who have frequent contact with stagnant water or aquatic life.

ORAL MANIFESTATIONS

•Oronasopharyngeal lesions appear as soft red polypoid growth which spread to pharynx and larynx.

• These lesions often contain mucoid discharge and are vascular.

LAB DIAGNOSIS

• The fungus has not been cultivated.

• Diagnosis depends on the demonstration of sporangia

•Tissue sections stained with H & E stain show large number of endospores within the sporangia embedded in a stroma of connective tissue and capillaries.

The sporangium (10-200 um) contains thousands of endospores (6-7 µm in diameter)

Source – textbook of microbiology for dental students c p baveja and Google images