In general, drugs unless absolutely necessary should not be used during pregnancy because drugs taken by a pregnant woman can reach the fetus and harm it by crossing the placenta, the same route taken by oxygen and nutrients, which are needed for the growth and development of fetus
Hypocalcemia and Hypercalcemia are the two important metabolic disorders of calcium.
Hypocalcemia- decrease in serum calcium level below 9.2 mg/dl
Hypercalcemia-increase in serum calcium level above 10.5mg/dl
So lets study them by comparing their features.
Chvostek’s sign-contraction of facial muscles on tapping over facial nerve branches.
Trousseau’s sign-Appearance of carpal spasm when sphygmomanometer cuff inflated above systolic blood pressure.
Both the signs are seen in hypocalcemia.
Reference- A.K.Tripathi oral medicine for dental students 3rd edition
Link:⬇️
Learn simple actions today that could save a life!
Poisoning occurs from various harmful substances. You can breathe it, swallow it, or absorb it through your skin. Poisoning requires immediate medical care.
Poisoning signs and symptoms can mimic other conditions, such as seizure, alcohol intoxication, stroke and insulin reaction.
Signs and symptoms of poisoning may include:
• Vomiting
• Difficulty breathing
• Drowsiness
• Confusion or other altered mental status
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Dr. Mehnaz Memon🖊
Anaesthetics – local & genral
….
1.Bupivacaine
Used as
👉 Percutaneous infiltration anaesthesia ,
👉 peripheral nerve block
👉Sympathetic nerve block
,
👉retrobulbar block ,
👉Cadual block
👉Lumbar epidural block
Brand names.
🙏Buloc by celon
Inj – 0.25 % & in 0.5 % ( 20ml )
.
🙏Bupivan by Sun pharma
Inj :- 0.25% (20ml)
0.5% ( 20ml )
0.5% ( 4ml )
.
🙏 Marcain by AHPL
Inj:- 0.5 % ( 20ml )
Inj :- 1 % ( 2ml )
.
👉 used in Induction & maintenance of general anaesthesia
.
🙏Fluothane by AhPL
I:vap :- 100% in ( 200 , 250 , 30, 50 ml ) soln
.
3.Isoflurane
Inhalation anaesthesia
👉 Induction & maintenance of general anaesthesia
.
🙏 Forane by abbott
Inhalant :- 100% in ( 100, 250 ml )
🙏Isorane by AhPL
I:sol :- 5mg/5ml in ( 100,250,30 ml )
.
.
,🙏Ketam by sun
Inj 10mg/ ml (10ml )
Inj 50mg / ml ( 2ml )
.
🙏Ketmin by Themis medicare
Inj 50mg /ml ( 10 ml )
Inj 50 mg/ ml ( 2ml )
.
🙏Ketsia by celon
Inj 100mg ( 2ml )
Inj 500mg ( 10ml )
Abbreviation
I sol :- inhalation solution
Ivap :- inhalation vapour
🙏Gesican 2% gelly by AHPL ( 30ml )
🙏Lidopatch by zydus cadila
T:patch- 5%
🙏Xylocaine by AstraZeneca
T:sol:- 2% 100ml
Oint :- 5% w/w ( 20mg )
Jelly :- 2% w/w ( 30mg )
..
🙏Xylocard 2 % by AstraZeneca
Inj (21.3mg/ml ) 50ml soln
.
🙏 Xylocaine viscous by astra zeneca
T:sol :- 21.3mg/ml ( 100ml )
🙏 Xylocaine topical 4% by AstraZeneca
T:sol :- 42.7mg/ml ( 30ml )
🙏Nummet by icpa
Spy :- 15% w/w ( 100g )
.
Some Combinations
Lidocaine + epinephrine
🙏 Lignosafe by stedman
( Lignocaine hcl 21.3mg & adrenaline 0.0125mg/ml )
Inj in 30ml
🙏 Xylocaine with adrenaline 2% by AstraZeneca
( Lidocaine hcl 21.3mg , adrenaline 0.005mg , nacl 6mg /ml )
Inj 30ml
.
Some other combination
🙏 Xylocaine 5% heavy ( lignocaine hcl 53.3mg/ml , Dextrose 75mg ) inj in 2ml
.
& Xylocaine soln ( same dosage as above ) T:Sol 100ml by AstraZeneca
🙏 Xylocaine spray by AstraZeneca
( Lidocaine hcl 100mg , ethanol 28.29% ) 500ml
.
🙏Xicaine by icpa
( Lignocaine 2 percent , adrenaline 0.022mg) inj 30ml
&
( Lignocaine hcl 2% , adrenaline 0.009 mg ) inj 30ml
.
🙏Asthesia by unichem
( Lidocaine 2.5% w/w , prilocaine 2.5% )
CRM (15,30,5 )g
.
Abbreviation
Crm :- cream
Tsol :- topical solution
Dentowesome 