7) TUBERCULOSIS (TB)

▪️ Causes: Health Care Workers, Poverty, Overcrowding, Diabetes Mellitus, Silicosis, Alcohol, Immuno-compromised states.

▪️Presentation:

• Low grade fever with evening rise.
• Cough
• Malaise
• Loss of Weight
• Night sweats
• Haemoptysis

▪️Treatment:

• Active TB
  • 4-drug regimen of rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol (2 months)
  • continuation of rifampin and isoniazid (4 months)
• latent TB
  • rifampin and isoniazid (3 months)
  • OR isoniazid alone (6 months)
• consideration of multidrug-resistant TB

▪️Radiological forms:

1. Fibrosis/Cavity – Post primary infection (Refer page 3)
2. Consolidation – Primary infection (parenchymal): Refer page 5
3. Collapse (Refer page 4)
4. Tuberculous Pleural Effusion (Refer page 2)
5. Miliary Tuberculosis –

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8) PNEUMOTHORAX

➡️ Pneumothoraces are collections of gas within the pleural space. If the pneumothorax is under pressure, it is called a tension pneumothorax.

The three main features of a pneumothorax on a chest x-ray are:

• peripheral translucency
• Definite lung edge
• the absence of lung markings peripheral to lung edge
• Mediastinal shift to the opposite side

▪️Treatment:

• small pneumothorax with minimal symptoms
  • primary spontaneous pneumothorax: discharge with early outpatient follow-up and advised to return if symptomatic
  • secondary pneumothorax: observe with high-flow oxygen therapy and consider intervention

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