🔹 Introduction:

➡️ They are clearly visible & can be easily diagnosed as per the clinical features alone – high viral load. They are useful markers of disease progression & immuno-suppression.

➡️ The EC (1995) gave two diagnostic criterias:

1. Presumptive (initial clinical appearance)
2. Definitive (special investigation for diagnosis)

🔹 Classification:

1) Group 1 lesions: (Lesions strongly associated with HIV infection)

🔸 Candidiasis – 4 clinical patterns observed

1. Pseudomembranous
2. Erythematous
3. Hyperplastic
4. Angular cheilitis

🔸 Hairy Leukoplakia – Associated with EBV

• Lateral borders of tongue as painless, faint white vertical streaks or thickened & furrowed areas with shaggy keratotic surface – imparting corrugated appearance.
• Homosexual males
• Basal epithelial cells – harbour EBV (Latent)

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Langerhan cells by HIV

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cause reactivation of EBV

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epithelial hyperplasia

• Histological Features:

1. Acanthosis, hyperkeratosis
2. Balloon cells – upper prickle layer
3. Epithelial cells show Nuclear beading

🔸 Kaposis’s Sarcoma (HHV-8)

🔸 Non-hodgkin’s lymphoma

🔸 Periodontal Disease

• Linear Gingival Erythema
• NUG
• NUP

2) Group 2 Lesions: (Less Common)

🔸 Bacterial infection

• Mycobacterium TB
• Mycobacterium avium

🔸 HSV, Herpes Zoster

🔸 Melanotic hyperpigmentation (Brown-black intra-oral focal/diffuse Macules)

🔸 Necrotizing Ulcerative Stomatitis

3) Group 3: (Lesions associated with HIV infection)

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References: Ghom’s Oral medicine & Internet